Rottweiler Breed Standard
Working Group

General Appearance
The ideal Rottweiler is a medium large, robust and powerful dog, black with clearly defined rust markings. His compact and substantial build denotes great strength, agility and endurance. Dogs are characteristically more massive throughout with larger frame and heavier bone than bitches. Bitches are distinctly feminine, but without weakness of substance or structure.

Size, Proportion, Substance

Dogs--24 inches to 27 inches. Bitches--22 inches to 25 inches, with preferred size being mid-range of each sex. Correct proportion is of primary importance, as long as size is within the standard's range.

The length of body, from prosternum to the rearmost projection of the rump, is slightly longer than the height of the dog at the withers, the most desirable proportion of the height to length being 9 to 10. The Rottweiler is neither coarse nor shelly. Depth of chest is approximately fifty percent (50%) of the height of the dog. His bone and muscle mass must be sufficient to balance his frame, giving a compact and very powerful appearance.

Serious Faults--Lack of proportion, undersized, oversized, reversal of sex characteristics (bitchy dogs, doggy bitches).

Head
Of medium length, broad between the ears; forehead line seen in profile is moderately arched; zygomatic arch and stop well developed with strong broad upper and lower jaws. The desired ratio of backskull to muzzle is 3 to 2. Forehead is preferred dry, however some wrinkling may occur when dog is alert. Expression is noble, alert, and self-assured. Eyes of medium size, almond shaped with well fitting lids, moderately deep-set, neither protruding nor receding. The desired color is a uniform dark brown. Serious Faults--Yellow (bird of prey) eyes, eyes of different color or size, hairless eye rim. Disqualification--Entropion. Ectropion. Ears of medium size, pendant, triangular in shape; when carried alertly the ears are level with the top of the skull and appear to broaden it. Ears are to be set well apart, hanging forward with the inner edge lying tightly against the head and terminating at approximately mid-cheek. Serious Faults--Improper carriage (creased, folded or held away from cheek/head). Muzzle--Bridge is straight, broad at base with slight tapering towards tip. The end of the muzzle is broad with well developed chin. Nose is broad rather than round and always black. Lips-Always black; corners closed; inner mouth pigment is preferred dark. Serious Faults--Total lack of mouth pigment (pink mouth). Bite and Dentition--Teeth 42 in number (20 upper, 22 lower), strong, correctly placed, meeting in a scissors bite--lower incisors touching inside of upper incisors. Serious Faults--Level bite; any missing tooth. Disqualifications--Overshot, undershot (when incisors do not touch or mesh); wry mouth; two or more missing teeth.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--Powerful, well muscled, moderately long, slightly arched and without loose skin. Topline--The back is firm and level, extending in a straight line from behind the withers to the croup. The back remains horizontal to the ground while the dog is moving or standing. Body--The chest is roomy, broad and deep, reaching to elbow, with well pronounced forechest and well sprung, oval ribs. Back is straight and strong. Loin is short, deep and well muscled. Croup is broad, of medium length and only slightly sloping. Underline of a mature Rottweiler has a slight tuck-up. Males must have two normal testicles properly descended into the scrotum. Disqualification--Unilateral cryptorchid or cryptorchid males. Tail--Tail docked short, close to body, leaving one or two tail vertebrae. The set of the tail is more important than length. Properly set, it gives an impression of elongation of topline; carried slightly above horizontal when the dog is excited or moving.

Forequarters
Shoulder blade is long and well laid back. Upper arm equal in length to shoulder blade, set so elbows are well under body. Distance from withers to elbow and elbow to ground is equal. Legs are strongly developed with straight, heavy bone, not set close together. Pasterns are strong, springy and almost perpendicular to the ground. Feet are round, compact with well arched toes, turning neither in nor out. Pads are thick and hard. Nails short, strong and black. Dewclaws may be removed.

Hindquarters
Angulation of hindquarters balances that of forequarters. Upper thigh is fairly long, very broad and well muscled. Stifle joint is well turned. Lower thigh is long, broad and powerful, with extensive muscling leading into a strong hock joint. Rear pasterns are nearly perpendicular to the ground. Viewed from the rear, hind legs are straight, strong and wide enough apart to fit with a properly built body. Feet are somewhat longer than the front feet, turning neither in nor out, equally compact with well arched toes. Pads are thick and hard. Nails short, strong, and black. Dewclaws must be removed.

Coat
Outer coat is straight, coarse, dense, of medium length and lying flat. Undercoat should be present on neck and thighs, but the amount is influenced by climatic conditions. Undercoat should not show through outer coat. The coat is shortest on head, ears and legs, longest on breeching. The Rottweiler is to be exhibited in the natural condition with no trimming. Fault--Wavy coat. Serious Faults--Open, excessively short, or curly coat; total lack of undercoat; any trimming that alters the length of the natural coat. Disqualification--Long coat.

Color
Always black with rust to mahogany markings. The demarcation between black and rust is to be clearly defined. The markings should be located as follows: a spot over each eye; on cheeks; as a strip around each side of muzzle, but not on the bridge of the nose; on throat; triangular mark on both sides of prosternum;on forelegs from carpus downward to the toes; on inside of rear legs showing down the front of the stifle and broadening out to front of rear legs from hock to toes, but not completely eliminating black from rear of pasterns; un-der tail; black penciling on toes. The undercoat is gray, tan, or black. Quantity and location of rust markings is important and should not exceed ten percent of body color. Serious Faults--Straw-colored, excessive, insufficient or sooty markings; rust marking other than described above; white marking any place on dog (a few rust or white hairs do not constitute a marking). Disqualifications--Any base color other than black; absence of all markings.

Gait
The Rottweiler is a trotter. His movement should be balanced, harmonious, sure, powerful and unhindered, with strong forereach and a powerful rear drive. The motion is effortless, efficient, and ground-covering. Front and rear legs are thrown neither in nor out, as the imprint of hind feet should touch that of forefeet. In a trot the forequarters and hindquarters are mutually coordinated while the back remains level, firm and relatively motionless. As speed increases the legs will converge under body towards a center line.

Temperament
The Rottweiler is basically a calm, confident and courageous dog with a self-assured aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. A Rottweiler is self-confident and responds quietly and with a wait-and-see attitude to influences in his environment. He has an inherent desire to protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardness and adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making him especially suited as a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog.

The behavior of the Rottweiler in the show ring should be controlled, willing and adaptable, trained to submit to examination of mouth, testicles, etc. An aloof or reserved dog should not be penalized, as this reflects the accepted character of the breed. An aggressive or belligerent attitude towards other dogs should not be faulted.

A judge shall excuse from the ring any shy Rottweiler. A dog shall be judged fundamentally shy if, refusing to stand for examination, it shrinks away from the judge. A dog that in the opinion of the judge menaces or threatens him/her, or exhibits any sign that it may not be safely approached or examined by the judge in the normal manner, shall be excused from the ring. A dog that in the opinion of the judge attacks any person in the ring shall be disqualified.

Summary
Faults - The foregoing is a description of the ideal Rottweiler. Any structural fault that detracts from the above described working dog must be penalized to the extent of the deviation.

Disqualifications
Entropion, ectropion. Overshot, undershot (when incisors do not touch or mesh); wry mouth; two or more missing teeth. Unilateral cryptorchid or cryptorchid males. Long coat. Any base color other than black; absence of all markings. A dog that in the opinion of the judge attacks any person in the ring.

Approved May 8, 1990
Effective June 28, 1990

Rottweiler(洛威纳)

 [简介] 理想的洛威纳犬是一个中等大小，精力充沛而且非常有力的狗，黑色配有边界清晰的铁锈色斑纹。紧凑而坚固的结构显示出巨大的力量、敏捷度、耐力。雄性比雌性更加魁梧、骨架更大且骨量更多。雌性显得柔美但在结构和体质上不显得软弱。

[体型] 雄性高度约24~27英寸；雌性高度约22~25英寸。各性别的高度中间值为首选。身高在允许的范围之内的前提下，正确的比例非常重要。身体长度（从胸骨前端到臀部的距离）略大于肩高，身高与体长的最佳比例为9比10。洛威纳犬的身材既不粗糙、也不象贝壳状。胸部的深度大约为肩高的一半（50%）。其肌肉和骨骼非常发达，与身体结构匀称。显得非常有力且紧凑。主要缺陷：比例不当，身高过高或过低，性别颠倒（象雌性的公狗或象雄性的母狗）。

[头部] 中等长度，两耳之间宽阔；前额轮廓适度圆拱；颧骨圆拱而止部清晰，上下颚非常有力。后脑与口吻的理想比例为3/2。前额干燥，但是在他警惕时，会出现一些皱纹。表情：高贵、警惕而自信。眼睛：中等大小，杏仁状，眼睑正好适合眼球，位置适度地深，既不突出、也不向后斜。理想的颜色为统一的深棕色。主要缺陷：黄色眼睛（食肉猛禽的眼睛颜色）；两眼不同颜色或不同大小；眼眶无毛。失格：眼睑内翻；眼睑外翻。耳朵：中等大小，下垂，三角形；耳朵警惕地倾听时，与头顶处于同一平面，使头部外观变宽。耳朵距离分的比较开，下垂，耳朵内缘紧贴头部，末端接近面颊中间。主要缺陷：不恰当的形态（褶皱、折叠或始终远离头部/面颊）。口吻：鼻梁直，根部宽，而向鼻镜方向略微收缩变窄。口吻末端宽且下巴清晰。鼻镜宽阔多于圆拱，始终是黑色。嘴唇也始终为黑色，嘴角紧闭，口腔内色素越深越好。主要缺陷：口腔内缺乏色素（粉红色口腔）。牙齿和咬和：总共42颗牙齿（上颚20颗；下颚22颗），牙齿结实、位置准确、剪状咬和。主要缺陷：钳状咬和或缺齿。失格：上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和；歪嘴；缺齿2颗或更多。

[颈部、背线、身躯] 颈部：有力、肌肉发达、中等长度、略拱、无松弛的皮肤。背线：背部坚实而水平，从马肩隆后方笔直延伸到臀部。不论站立还是行走，背部都平行与地面。身躯：胸部宽、阔且深，延伸到肘部，明显突出的前胸和扩张良好、卵形的肋骨。背部直而结实，腰部短、深而肌肉发达。臀部宽、中等长度、略倾斜。成熟洛威纳的下腹曲线略微上提。雄性的阴囊中必须有两颗睾丸。失格：雄性单侧隐睾或隐睾。尾巴：断尾，在接近身体处保留一节到两节尾骨。尾巴的位置比长度更重要，正确的尾巴位置应该象是背线的延伸，不论站立还是行走，都水平放置。

[前躯] 肩胛长而向后倾斜，前臂长度与肩胛长度相等，所以肘部位于身体下侧。从马肩隆到肘部的距离与从肘部到地面的距离相等。腿强壮而直，骨量充足，位置不靠的太近。脚腕结实、有弹性、差不多垂直于地面。足爪圆、紧凑、脚趾圆拱，脚趾既不向内弯、也不向外翻。脚垫厚实而坚硬。趾甲短、结实、黑色。狼爪可以被切除。

[后躯] 后躯角度与前躯相称。上半部大腿相当长，非常宽且肌肉发达。膝关节角度恰当。下半部大腿长、宽而有力，肌肉发达，与结实的飞节连接。后脚腕几乎垂直于地面。从后面观察，后腿直、结实且彼此有足够的距离以稳固地支撑起身体。后足爪比前足爪略长一些，既不向内弯、也不向外翻。同样紧凑、圆拱的脚趾，脚垫厚实而坚硬，趾甲短、结实、黑色。狼爪必须被切除。

[被毛] 外层披毛直、粗硬、浓密、中等长度，平躺在身体上。底毛出现在颈部、大腿，但总量受到气候的影响。底毛不能透过披毛显示出来。头部、耳朵和腿部毛发短，臀部毛发长一些。洛威纳应该以自然面貌出现，不能修剪被毛。缺陷：波浪状被毛。主要缺陷：开放的、过分短的或卷曲的被毛；缺乏底毛或修剪毛发而改变了其毛发的自然长度。失格：长被毛。

[颜色] 始终为黑色带铁锈色到桃木色斑纹。黑色与铁锈色之间的划分界限清晰。斑纹出现在下列位置：两眼睛上方各有一个污点；面颊；口吻两侧有带状环绕，但不能出现在鼻梁上；喉咙；三角型斑纹出现在前胸两侧；前肢从腕部向下到脚趾；后腿内侧，向下到膝关节，并在飞节到脚趾位置扩展到腿前面。但后脚腕不完全排除黑色；尾巴下方；脚趾有黑色铅笔纹。底毛为灰色、棕色或黑色。铁锈色斑纹的数量和位置一样重要，总量不能超过身体颜色的10%。主要缺陷：稻草色、斑纹过多、不足或烟灰色斑纹，铁锈色斑纹与上述描述不一致。任何位置出现白色斑纹（少量铁锈色或白色毛发不作为斑纹处理）。失格：底色为除黑色以外的其他颜色，缺少斑纹。

[步态] 洛威纳的步态为小跑，他的动作平稳、和谐、有力且无阻碍，加速度快而后躯驱动力强大。动作轻松、有效且能适应不同地形。前后肢既不向内弯、也不向外翻。后肢足迹与前肢足迹重叠。小跑时，前后躯配合协调，保持背部水平、稳固且相对静止。速度增加时，四肢向身体下方中心线靠拢。

[气质] 洛威纳一般是一种平静、自信而勇敢的狗，其自信和冷漠使他不容易接近，也不随便表示友好。洛威纳对环境变化的态度是自信且反应平静。他具有保卫家园、家庭的天性，他是一种非常聪明的狗，坚强、有适应性，非常乐于工作，使他成为一种很好的伴侣犬、护卫犬和多用途犬种。洛威纳在比赛场中的行为举止应该受到约束，乐于接受检查并能适应，能容忍裁判检查他的口腔、睾丸等。冷漠或有所保留的狗不属于缺陷，这是本品种的一般情况。对其他狗有攻击性或攻击倾向不属于缺陷。 任何羞怯的洛威纳都要从赛场离开，只有下列情况下，才会判定一个洛威纳是羞怯的：拒绝站立接受检查，躲闪裁判。威胁或恐吓某人（他/她），裁判从后方靠近进行正常检查时，有任何危险的征兆，都将离开。如果在赛场攻击任何人都属于失格。

[缺陷] 前面描述的是理想的洛威纳，任何背离前面描述的地方都属于缺陷，并需要根据背离的程度进行扣分。

[失格] 眼睑内翻；眼睑外翻。上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和；歪嘴；缺齿2颗或更多。雄性单侧隐睾或隐睾。底色为除黑色以外的其他颜色，缺少斑纹。在赛场攻击任何人。

标准通过日期：1990年5月 8日

标准执行日期：1990年6月28日

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